What is In the Child Protection Section:
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Are We Making Smart Investments?
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Are We Protecting All Texas Children? - Rural children; Children with disabilities; Age
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A Path to Permanent Safety for Children of Abuse and Neglect - Incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect; Adoption; KInship care; Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008; Cost of foster care
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Ensuring the Child Welfare System Works Effectively for All Children - Disparities by race and ethnicity; Responses to disproportionality in Texas
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Supports for Transitioning Youth - Outcomes and services for foster care alumni
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Child Protection-Family Financial Security Bridge: Understanding and Addressing Poverty-Related Neglect
Sources in Child Protection
2 Bruce D. Perry, "Examining Child Maltreatment Through a Neurodevelopmental Lens: Clinical Applications of the Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics," Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14: 240-255, 2009, DOI: 10.1080/15325020903004350, http://www.childtrauma.org/images/stories/Articles/traumaloss_bdp_final_7_09.pdf.
3 "Cycle of Abuse," Child Welfare Information Gateway, http://www.childwelfare.gov/can/impact/longterm/abuse.cfm.
4 Data is for FY 2005-FY 2009: 1 in 30 perpetrators were confirmed victims as children. Michael Martinez and Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, data request via e-mail interview by author, August 3, 2010.
5 "What is Prevention and Why Is It Important?," Child Welfare Information Gateway, http://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/overview/whatiscap.cfm.
6 Kids Are Waiting, Time for Reform: Investing in Prevention: Keeping Children Safe at Home,(Washington DC: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2007), http://www.kidsarewaiting.org/tools/reports/files/0011.pdf.
7 US Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, Including Adoption Opportunities & The Abandoned Infants Assistance Act: As Ammended by The Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003, June 25, 2003, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/laws_policies/cblaws/capta03/capta_manual.pdf.
8 Kasira O'Neill Murray and Sarah Gesiriech, A Brief Legislative History of the Child Welfare System, Pew Foster Care, http://pewfostercare.org/research/docs/Legislative.pdf.
9 "Announcing $90 Million in Affordable Care Act Funding for Maternal, Infant and Childhood Home
13 Kids Are Waiting, Time for Reform: Investing in Prevention: Keeping Children Safe at Home, (Washington DC: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2007), http://www.kidsarewaiting.org/tools/reports/files/0011.pdf.
14 Child Welfare Information Gateway, "Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect,", Fact Sheet 2008, http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/long_term_consequences.cfm.
15 Ching-Tung Wang and John Holton, Total Estimated Cost of Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States, (Chicago: Prevent Child Abuse America, 2007), http://www.preventchildabuse.org/about_us/media_releases/pcaa_pew_economic_impact_study_final.pdf.
16 Ching-Tung Wang and John Holton, Total Estimated Cost of Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States, (Chicago: Prevent Child Abuse America, 2007), http://www.preventchildabuse.org/about_us/media_releases/pcaa_pew_economic_impact_study_final.pdf.
18 Marybeth J. Mattingly, Melissa Wells, and Michael Dineen,
Out of Home Care by State and Place: Higher Placement Rates for Children in Some Remote Rural Areas, (Durham, NH: Carsey Institute, 2010), Placement Rates for Children in Some Remote Rural Areas, (Durham, NH: Carsey Institute, 2010),
http://www.carseyinstitute.unh.edu/publications/FS_Mattingly_Out-of_Home.pdf.
19 US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families,
4th National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4), 2004-2009, Report to Congress, January 2010, Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4), 2004-2009, Report to Congress, January 2010,
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/abuse_neglect/natl_incid/index.html.
20 Marybeth J. Mattingly, Melissa Wells, and Michael Dineen,
Out of Home Care by State and Place: Higher Placement Rates for Children in Some Remote Rural Areas, (Durham, NH: Carsey Institute, 2010), Placement Rates for Children in Some Remote Rural Areas, (Durham, NH: Carsey Institute, 2010),
http://www.carseyinstitute.unh.edu/publications/FS_Mattingly_Out-of_Home.pdfof_Home.pdf.
21 Kathleen Belanger, "The Welfare of Rural Children: A Summary of Challenges," Child Welfare League of America, April 2008, http://www.cwla.org/programs/culturalcompetence/ruralresources.htm.
22 "Rural Communities in Child Welfare Resource Center," Child Welfare League of America, http://www.cwla.org/programs/culturalcompetence/rural.htm.
23 "Texas: Demographics of Poor Children," National Center for Children in Poverty, http://www.nccp.org/profiles/state_profile.php?state=TX&id=7.
24 Prevent Child Abuse America, Fact Sheet: Maltreatment of Children With Disabilities, http://member.preventchildabuse.org/site/DocServer/maltreatment.pdf?docID=124.
25 US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families,
4th National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4), 2004-2009, Report to Congress, January 2010, Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4), 2004-2009, Report to Congress, January 2010,
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/abuse_neglect/natl_incid/index.html.
26 Prevent Child Abuse America, Fact Sheet: Maltreatment of Children With Disabilities, http://member.preventchildabuse.org/site/DocServer/maltreatment.pdf?docID=124.
27 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Data Book 2009, http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/about/Data_Books_and_Annual_Reports/2009/cps_27-70.asp70.asp.
28 Zero to Three, "Changing the Odds for Babies: Court Teams for Maltreated Infants and Toddlers,"
29 "Improving Outcomes for Older Youth in Foster Care" Casey Family Programs, Seattle, WA
30 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Data Book 2009, http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/About/Data_Books_and_Annual_Reports/2009/default.asp.
31 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Data Book 2009, p.29,
32 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Data Book 2009,
33 Richard E. Redding, Carrie Fried, and Preston A. Britner, "Predictors of Placement Outcomes in
Treatment Foster Care: Implications for Foster Parent Selection and Service Delivery," Journal of Child
and Family Studies, 9, no.1: 2000, 425-447,
34 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, "Overview and Preliminary Evaluation of the
Relative Caregiver Assistance Program." (2008).
35 Brooks, D. "Kinship care and substance-exposed children," The Source, (1999) pp 1-21. Cited in
Teutsch, Norton. "Kinship Care: A National Analysis and a Texas Proposal," (2001).
36 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Overview and Preliminary Evaluation of the Relative Caregiver Assistance Program, (September, 2008). Relative Caregiver Assistance Program, (September, 2008).
37 LeProhn, 1993, Ehrle, Geen, & Clark, 2001, cited in Gionfriddo, Frausto, Moore, and Rutledge "Family
Ties: Kinship Care in San Antonio" (2002), Casey Family Programs, p. 7.
38 The Urban Institute, "Children in Kinship Care," Assessing the New Federalism: An Urban Institute
Project.
40 Teutsch, Norton. "Kinship Care: A National Analysis and a Texas Proposal," (2001), p. 4.
41 The Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008, codified at U.S. Code 1
42 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services,
Disproportionality in Child Protective Services: Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.9-10.
(2006), p.9-10. 43 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, SB 758 Foster Care Capacity-Building Progress Report, (September 1, 2009).
44 Texas Adoption Resource Exchange, "CHILD: Congregations Helping in Love and Dedication,"
45 Texas Adoption Resource Exchange, "Why Not Me?,"
46 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, 2009 Data Book, p. 64,
47 Andrea Sedlak and Diane Broadhurst, Executive Summary of the Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1996,
48 Disproportionality in Child Protective Services: The Preliminary Results of Statewide Reform Efforts in Texas, Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, March 2010, p. 22.
49 Alan J.Dettlaff and Joan R. Rycraft, "Deconstructing Disproportionality: Views From Multiple Community Stakeholders," Child Welfare, 87, no2, (2008): p.40.
50 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.18.
52 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.6.
54 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, 2009 Data Book, p. 41, http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/About/Data_Books_and_Annual_Reports/2009/default.asp.
55 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services: Statewide Reform Effort Begins With Examination of the Problem (2006), p.8-12.
58 Alan J. Detlaff and, Joan R. Rycraft, "Deconstructing Disproportionality: Views from Multiple Community Stakeholders, Child Welfare, Vol. 87 no.2 (March-April, 2008), p.37-58.
59 Casey Family Programs,
Policy Brief: Disproportionality: The Overrepresentation of Children of Color in the Foster Care System, May 2009, http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/DisproportionalityPolicyBrief.htm.
61 Alan J. Detlaff and, Joan R. Rycraft, "Deconstructing Disproportionality: Views from Multiple Community Stakeholders," Child Welfare, Vol. 87 no.2 (March-April, 2008), p.37-58.
63 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services: Statewide Reform Effort Begins With Examination of the Problem (2006), p.1-2.
64 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services: Statewide Reform Effort Begins With Examination of the Problem (2006), p.5.
66 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.22.
67 Joyce James et al., "Addressing Disproportionality Through Undoing Racism, Leadership Development, and Community Engagement," Child Welfare 87, no. 2 (March-April 2008): p. 279-296.
68 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan, (2006), p.15.
69 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.6.
70 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.16, 21.
71 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.7.
72 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.25
73 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Overview and Preliminary Evaluation of the Relative Caregiver Assistance Program, (September, 2008).
74 Ann Heiligenstein, Commissioner, Texas Department of Family and Protective Services. Presentation to the Senate Finance Committee, (February 11, 2009).
78 "Improving Outcomes for Older Youth in Foster Care" Casey Family Programs, Seattle, WA http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/WhitePapers/WhitePaper_ImprovingOutcomesOlderYouth.htm
79 Mark E. Courtney, Amy Dworsky, JoAnn S. Lee, and Melissa Rapp, Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth: Outcomes at Ages 23 and 24, (Chicago: Chapin Hall, 2010).
80 Mark E. Courtney, Amy Dworsky, JoAnn S. Lee, and Melissa Rapp, Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth: Outcomes at Ages 23 and 24, (Chicago: Chapin Hall, 2010).
81 P.J. Pecora, R.C. Kessler, J. Williams, K. O'Brien, A.C. Downs, D. English, J. White, E. Hiripi, C.R. White, T. Wiggins, and K.E. Holmes, "Improving Family Foster Care: Findings from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni Study". Seattle, WA: Casey Family Programs. Available at http://www.casey.org.
82 US Census Bureau Poverty: 2004 highlights http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty04/pov04hi.html
83 Child Welfare League of America 2007 Children's Legislative Agenda
www.clwa.org
84 "Improving Outcomes for Older Youth in Foster Care" Casey Family Programs, Seattle, WA
www.casey.org
85 "The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America," National Institute of Mental Health, http://http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-inamerica/index.shtml#Intro.
86 Melissa Fletcher Stoeltje, "Foster kids-turned-moms becoming an alarming trend" San Antonio Express News , http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local_news/Foster_kids-turnedmoms_becoming_alarming_trend.html
87 "Improving Outcomes for Older Youth in Foster Care" Casey Family Programs, Seattle, WA
www.casey.org
88 Mark E. Courtney, Amy Dworsky, JoAnn S. Lee, and Melissa Rapp, Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth: Outcomes at Ages 23 and 24, (Chicago: Chapin Hall, 2010).
89 Texas spent an average of $439 per month for each non-disabled, non-elderly adult Medicaid recipient in FY 2007, according to the Texas Health and Human Services Commission. "Texas Medicaid and CHIP in Perspective (The "Pink Book")". Seventh Edition, January 2009. Available at
http://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/Medicaid/reports/PB7/PinkBookTOC.html. In July of 2009, Texas spent an average of $68 for each of its TANF State Program recipients, and in September 2009 Texas SNAP payments averaged $122 per recipient, according to Texas Health and Human Services Commission, Texas TANF and SNAP Enrollment Statistics. Available at
http://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/research/TANF_FS.asp
90 This is an approximation based on Texans Care's calculation that a) 30% of the 798 male foster care
alumni (assuming the percentage of males who emancipated from foster care reflects the percentage of males in foster care as a whole) will spend an average of at least 1 year in the prison system (based on an average time served of 4.5 years for Texas prison inmates, 91% of the incarcerated population, and .8 years for Texas state jail inmates, 9% of the incarcerated population), at a cost of $22,650 per year (2001 costs) totaling $5,422,410, not adjusted for inflation, b) 33.2% of the 1468 youth aging out of care in 2008 will live in poverty, of which 2.77% will be eligible for and receive TANF benefits (equivalent to the percentage of Texas's population in poverty who received TANF in July of 2009), of which 4.3% will be paid for with state dollars, totaling $473.70 c) 33.2% of 1468 emancipated youth will live in poverty, of which 100% will receive Medicaid (assuming that all take advantage of new legislation that allows for a single Medicaid application up to age 21) totaling $2,567,496.77 and d) 33.2% of 1468 emancipated youth will live in poverty, of which 77.5% will be eligible for and receive SNAP benefits (equivalent to
this percentage for all Texans in poverty) totaling $552,976.80. Totals $8,543,357,27 annually.
91 Curtis McMillen, Wendy Auslander, Diane Elze, Tony White, and Ronald Thompson, "Educational Experiences and Aspirations of Older Youth in Foster Care," Child Welfare, 82:4, July-August 2003, p.475-495.
94 Melissa Wells, and Sharyn Zunz, "Challenges and strengths among Chafee Education and Training Voucher eligible youth: The rural service providers' perspective" Children and Youth Services Review, Volume 31, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 235-242
95 "Improving Outcomes for Older Youth in Foster Care" Casey Family Programs, Seattle, WA http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/WhitePapers/WhitePaper_ImprovingOutcomesOlderYouth.htm
99 In order to qualify for this funding the foster youth must be enrolled in high school, a GED program, college, a trade/technical school, an employment program or must be employed.
107 Children's Defense Fund "Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act" Summary, October 2008.
109 Emily Buss, et. Al. "From Foster Care to Adulthood The University of Chicago Law School Foster Care Project's Protocol for Reform, 2008.
110 Mark Courtney, Amy Dworsky and Harold Pollack "When Should the State Cease Parenting? Evidence from the Midwest Study Chapin Hall Center for Children Issue Brief, December 2007
111 Center for Public Policy Priorities. "Policy Page: New Federal Foster Care Legislation: What it Means for Texas. November 3, 2008. Available online at
http://www.cppp.org/files/4/ newfostercare.pdf112 Mark E. Courtney, Amy Dworsky, Clark M. Peters, and Harold Pollak, "California's Fostering Connections to Success Act and the Costs and Benefits of Extending Foster Care to 21 Partners for Our Children, University of Washington, Chapin Hall Center for Children, 2009. Available at:
http://www.california- adoption.org/Documents/ VoiceForAdoptionFederal.pdf
115 Munson, Michelle R. and McMillen, J. Curtis. "Natural mentoring and psychosocial outcomes among older youth transitioning from foster care" Children and Youth Services Review, Volume 31, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 104-111
118 Interview with Gaye Vopat, Statewide Preparation for Adult Living Specialist, Texas Department of Family and Protective Services. October 9, 2009.
119 "Improving Outcomes for Older Youth in Foster Care" Casey Family Programs, Seattle, WA www.casey.org
120 DFPS Databook 2009
121 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.18-19.
122 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.6.
123 Casey Family Programs, Policy Brief: Disproportionality: The Overrepresentation of Children of Color in the Foster Care System, http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/DisproportionalityPolicyBrief.htm (accessed Care System, http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/DisproportionalityPolicyBrief.htm (accessed November 30, 2009).
124 Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of Family and Protective Services, Disproportionality in Child Protective Services- Policy Evaluation and Remediation Plan (2006), p.6.
125 NGA Center for Best Practices, Nine Things Governors Can Do to Build a Strong Child Welfare System (November 12, 2008.). http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.9123e83a1f6786440ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=02b0a9c2561b3210VgnVCM1000005e00100aRCRD (accessed October 10, 2009).
126 Raymond Kirk, Diana Griffith, Priscilla Martens, and The Annie E. Casey Foundation. An Examination of Intensive Family Preservation Services. November, 2007.
127 Mark W. Fraser, Peter J. Pecora, and David A. Haapala, Families in Crisis: The Impact of Family Preservation Services, (Hawthorne, NY: Aldine De Gruyter, 1991).
128 NGA Center for Best Practices, Nine Things Governors Can Do to Build a Strong Child Welfare System (November 12, 2008.), http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.9123e83a1f6786440ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=02b0a9c2561b3210VgnVCM1000005e00100aRCRD (accessed October 10, 2009).
129 Missouri Department of Social Services, "Intensive In-Home Services," http://www.dss.mo.gov/cd/iis.htm (accessed November 18, 2009).
130 Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Strengthening Families through Enhanced In-Home Support in Child Protective Services: Preliminary Evaluation: Implementation, (September, 2008).
